The Battle of Vienna

The Ottoman dynasty continued to expand for several generations, controlling much of southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa at its peak. The Spanish controlled much of southern Italy and the Italian islands. The Ottomans tried to capture Malta Island. Armadas were sent back and forth for the Turks and the Spanish resulting in two clashes. The Spanish controlled much of southern Italy and the Spanish took it for themselves to check the Ottomans. The Ottomans spent the next two centuries waging war. The battle of Lepanto utilized 400 ships although the Ottomans were inevitably defeated. The Ottomans merely shifted their focus to other parts of Europe between the Turks and the Spanish with their ships firing at each other a new siege was launched in the battle of Vienna. Ukara Mustafa Pasha attempted to take back control of Vienna despite the battle; they were routed before the walls, in the largest cavalry charge 18,000 horseman charging into the Turkish encampment. The defeat marked a turning point in the Ottoman launched expansion into Europe. 

Carthage

"Carthage was an ancient city on the eastern side of the lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classical world. It became the capital city of the civilization of ancient Carthage and later roman Carthage."

Numidia 

"Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya The polity was originally divided between the Massylii in the east and the Masaesylii in the west. During the second Punic war (218–201 BC), Masinissa king of the Massylii, defeated Syphnax of the Masaesyli to unify Numidia into the first Berber state in present-day Algeria. The kingdom began as a sovereign state and later alternated between being a roman province and roman client state."

Mauritania

"The Umayyads were the first Arab Muslims to enter Mauritania. During the Islamic conquests, they made incursions into Mauritania and were present in the region by the end of the 7th century. Many Berber tribes in Mauritania fled the arrival of the Arabs to the Gao region in Mali."

"Barbossa's name is based on Ottoman admiral, Hayreddin Barbarossa." "Turkish corsair and admiral Hayreddin Barbossa in 1516, captured the city of Algiers from Charcles V. After his elder brother's death, Barbaros appealed to Selim for protection. In 1532, during the reign of Suleiman l, Barbaros was promoted as the grand admiral of the Turkish Ottoman Navy and Algeria became under control of the Ottoman. At one point the Ottmans began controlling the hinterland also. In 1552, Salih Reis an Ottoman Admiral traveled to the Sahara and captured Touggourt."

"The Hafsids were of Berber descent, although to further legitimize their rule, they claimed Arab ancestry from the second Rashidun caliph Omar. The ancestor of the dynasty (from whom their name is derived), was Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati, a Berber from the Hintata tribal confederation, which belonged to the greater Masmuda confederation in present-day Morocco. He was a member of the Council of Ten. In the early years of the 16th century Tunisia was under control by Hafsid dynasty of Berber origin. Although Tunis, the most import city of Tunisia was captured by Barbaros on behalf of he Ottoman Empire in 1534, next year during the reign of Charles V, a navy from the Holy Roman Empire sieged the city and took it. In the year 1560, an Ottoman navy commanded by Piyale Pasha defeated a large navy of the Holy Roman Empire in the Battle of Djerba. After this battle Ulus Ali Reis of the ottoman Empire captured the city for the second time in 1569. Two years later the city was under siege to the Holy Roman Empire once again. Finally in 1574, an Ottoman navy commanded by the grand admiral Sinan pasha captured the city."

"After Knights Hospitaller left the island of Rhodes in 1522, some of them had settled in Tripoli, the most important city of Libya. In 1551, Ottoman admiral Turgut Reiscaptured the city with the help of Sinan Pasha. Eventually Benghazi and the hinterland Fezzan were also annexed. Between 1711 and 1835 Libya became autonomous under Karamanlı dynasty. After 1835 Mahmud ll reestablished Ottoman control."

The Ottoman Sultanate

The Young Turks a group who wanted to replace and old system of sultans and ministers with a modern constitute modern society and along side a western a revolution who were liberals academics and more conservative elements like military. At its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, the empire controlled vast stretches including Anatolia, southwestern Europe, mainland Greece, the Balkans, parts of northern Iraq, Azerbaijan, Syria, Palestine, parts of the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, and parts of the North African strip, in addition to the major Mediterranean islands of Rhodes, Cyprus, and Crete. Renowned the strongest military superpower of its time, the empire stagnated and faced prolonged decline from the late 16th century CE onwards; until it was replaced by the Modern Republic of Turkey after the First World War.

Osman Gazi

Osman l ruler of a Turkmen principality in the northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state. Both dynasty and Ottoman rule holds that the dynasty established are derived from the Arabic form ʿUthmān of his name.

Osman was descended from the Kayl branch of the Oquz Turkmen. His father, Ertugrul, had established a principality centered at Sogut. With Sogut as their base, Osman and the Muslim warriors under his rule waged a slow and extensive conflict against the Byzantines, who sought to defend their territories in the hinterland of the Asiatic shore opposite Constantinople. Osman thoroughly extended his power over several former Byzantine fortresses, including Yenisehir, which provided the Ottomans with a strong base to lay siege to Brusa and Nicae. Osman was succeed by his son Orhan, who captured Bursa on April 6, 1326. 

Suleiman The Magnificent

He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the red sea and through the Persian Gulf. At start of a new and prosperous expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic kanun and religious Sharia. With Mehmed and Mustafa as his two heirs, Mehmed died of small pox in 1534. Mustafa had been strangled to death in 1553, by small pox.

Suleiman succeeded his father, selim, as Sultan on 30 September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in Central Europe and the Mediterranean. Suleiman the Magnificent captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman Hungarian Wars. Sulieman's wife Hurrem Sultan, also known as Roxelana, her consolation and fight for the rights of Sultana who defied palace politics and fought for her place in the harem:  died April 1558.

Bayezid ll

Bayezid son fought over succession. His mother Hurrem sultan, an orthodox priest's daughter, who was the current Sultan's concubine at the time. In 1533 or 1534, his mother, Hurrem, was freed and became Suleiman's legal wife. Finally, on 23 July 1562, Bayezid and his four sons were handed over by Tahmasp and executed in the environs of the Safavid capital Qazvin by the Ottoman executioner, Ali Aqa Chavush Bashi, through the way of garroting. They were laid to rest in Sivas. Bayezid's supporters within the Ottoman territories faced pursuit, with consequences ranging from punishment, including executions, to the dismissal of Tımar holders from their roles. Some individuals received pardons, but ultimately, the establishment triumphed, marking his defeat. The Ottoman Turks continued expansion by controlling Bursa in 1326, Sultan Bayezid l doubled the land in 1389 and in 1402. Mehmed conquered seized what is now known Istanbul. The Ottomans now had mass control from Mesopotamia to Algeria.

Mehmed IV

Mehmed IV was known by rivals as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign. Under Mehmed IV's reign, the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. In 1687, Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing war of the Holy Lague. He subsequently retired to Edrine, where he resided and died of natural causes in 1693.

Sultan Belkadi

The capture of Algiers started when forces from the Kingdom of Kuku led an expedition to take the the city from Barbarossa. Hayreddin started an expedition launched to the east: taking Collo in 1521, Annaba and Constatine in 1523, then with the support of the Beni Abbes, crossed their fortess of the Babors and the Soummam River. Iflissen had to face a detachment of Belkadi, which they seized. Belkadi then withdrew to Tizi Nait Aicha. So his detachment can block the main access roads to Algiers. During much of the 1300s, Algeria was largely under the control of the Zayyanid Dynasty, which ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen in the northwest. The Zayyanids had their capital at Tlemcen.

The Fall of Tlemcen 

Algeria was threatened by the Spaniards of the Penon, from which they controlled the port. Hayreidden sent Spanish commander, Don Martin de Vargas, to surrender with his garrison of 200 soldiers. With his deal rejected, he attacked and laid siege to Penon; later capturing it on May 27, 1529. The island was attached to the land; Thus the harbor was soon to become a Major port headquarter of the Algerian corsair fleet was extended. The Ottomans were firmly established in Algiers; and the port was now established in the central Maghreb. 

In 1552, the Ottomans, under the command of Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, launched an expedition against Tlemcen. The political landscape of the region had become increasingly unstable, as the Zayyanid dynasty struggled to maintain control. The city’s defenses were weakened by infighting and the defection of local leaders who sought to align with the more powerful Ottomans. This internal discord significantly facilitated the Ottoman advance.

The siege of Tlemcen was marked by intense fighting and significant civilian suffering. The Ottomans, employing superior military tactics and weaponry, besieged the city, which had once been a bastion of Zayyanid power. Despite desperate attempts by the defenders to resist, the lack of unity and external support for the Zayyanid forces proved catastrophic.

The Barbary Coast 

Excessive expeditions set out to try to gain control of the city of Mostaganem. The first expedition was carried out in 1543, then a second one in 1547, Martin Alonso... and his son Alonso de Cordoba were defeated due to a shortage of ammunition. It was feared that there were around 60 Barbary men-of-war prowling the Devon and Cornish coasts and attacks were now occurring almost daily. The situation was so bad that in December 1640 a Committee for Algiers was set up by Parliament to oversee the ransoming of captives. In 1535, Charles V of Spain conquered Tunis Against the troops of Hayreddin Barbarossa. In October 1541, a Massive Imperial expedition led by the emperor himself this time against Algiers to put an end to the Barbary Pirates who were spreading terror in the western Mediterranean. The Barbary States, although they did not capture any more U.S. ships, began to resume raids in the Mediterranean, and despite punitive British bombardments did not end their practices until the French conquest of Algeria in 1830. .  

Cordoba 

Cordoba is home to half a Million Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Romans established a settlement in the area in 152 BC, soon to be a sprouting city in Europe, It contains 37 libraries knowledge rescued from Ancient Greece and Rome. In 747, a battle over the surroundings of Cordoba, the battle of Saqunda, took place, pitting Arab Yemenites against northerner Qays. The ruthless repression of the 818 revolt in the southern suburb of Córdoba led to the destruction of the place. In the 10th and 11th centuries Córdoba was a major hub, renowned the corner stone of Islamic Scholars. Advancing and establishing Astronomy, Engginering, and Medicine. The Moors controlled the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages parts of Iberia which consist of modern-day Spain and Portugal, between 711 C.E. and 1492 C.E. Cordoba was a financial industry to the rest of Europe. Trade goods included luxury items (silk, ceramics, gold), essential foodstuffs (grain, olive oil, wine), and containers. 

Cordoba had a prosperous economy, with manufactured goods including leather, metal work, glazed tiles and textiles, and agricultural produce including a range of fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, and materials such as cotton, flax and silk. It was a center of learning, home to over 37 libraries and institutions of learning. Ruler of Al-Andalus from 976 to 1002 – burned most of the books on philosophy from the library of Caliph Al-Hakam ll to appease Maliki jurists; most of the others were sold off or perished in the civil strife not long after.

Belgrade

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Turkey in particular at its peak was under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. At the start of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and the Ottoman Navy had around 150 to 200 warships, including galleys, galleasses, and other types of vessels. In 1521 Suleiman the Magnificent captured Belgrade, and conquered the southern and central parts of the kingdom of Hungary. Right after his monumental victory in the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of Hungary, and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but lost the city. In 1532, he attacked Vienna, but was repulsed in the siege of Guns. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf.

France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong Allies. The French conquests of Nice 1543 and Corsica 1553 occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis l and Suleiman, and were launched by Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month before the siege of Nice, France occupation draught and dwindled down resulting a detachment of an artillery unit during the Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in 1543. In 1559 the Ajuran-Protuguese war set an advance with the Ottoman Empire new province Adal Sultanate also known as Adal Empire into the Horn of Africa.

Battle of Maritsa

The Second Battle of Kosovo was a land battle between a Hungarian-led Crusader army and the Ottoman Empire at Kosovo field that took place from 17–20 October 1448. It was the culmination of a Hungarian offensive to avenge the defeat at the Battle of Varna four years earlier. The victory solidified Ottoman control over much of Thrace and opened the path for further incursions into the Balkans. The defeat dealt a severe blow to Serbian ambitions, marking the decline of the Serbian Empire as a significant power in the region. It also had lasting effects on Bulgarian autonomy, as the Ottomans increasingly exerted influence over Bulgarian territories.

The Battle of Maritsa was not just a military engagement; it was a harbinger of the significant changes that would sweep through the Balkans in the centuries to follow. As the Ottoman Empire expanded, the dynamics of power in the region shifted, leading to the gradual decline of indigenous states and the establishment of Ottoman dominance. Understanding this battle is essential for grasping the complex historical narratives that shaped the Balkans and laid the groundwork for future conflicts and national identities in Southeast Europe.

Battle of Ankara

Thirsty and exhausted, Bayezid’s troops had to turn back to attempt the relief of the city. Without additional cavalry to support them their chance of survival was narrowing down.  Timur drew up his forces in battle order and forced Bayezid to attack by sending troops to divert the only source of water for his army. Timur’s mounted archers took a heavy toll of Bayezid’s army. Thousands of Ottoman infantry  were slaughtered. Bayezid fled from the battle with a cavalry force, but Timur pursued and surrounded him.

Timur's forces included cavalry corps on either flank, war elephants in the center, and Serbian cavalry. The battle began when Timur cut behind Bayezid's army and besieged the city of Ankara. Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana, had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan. He sought to rebuild the once great Mongol Empire. In the 1380s and 1390s, he invaded and conquered parts of Persia. Bayezid flew from Timur with his last remaining cavalry when his horse tripped. Bayezid was later defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, which triggered the Ottoman Interregnum. He died in captivity in 1403, after allegedly being kept by Timur in a golden cage as a trophy.

The battle was catastrophic for the Ottoman state, shattering what remained and bringing almost total collapse of the empire. This resulted in a civil war among Bayezid's sons. The Ottoman civil war continued for another 11 years following the Battle of Ankara.

Leonorado Fibonacci

Leonardo Fiboonacci  "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages" was born on September 1170 Little is known about the life of Leonardo of Pisa, also called Fibonacci. It is assumed that he was born around 1170 and died after 1240, probably in Pisa. There is an original document from 1241 in which the city of Pisa grants Fibonacci a pension. Leonardo Fibonacci, a well-known mathematician who picked up on a counting system originating in North Africa, was born in Italy but traveled through the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries. This period was the time of the Crusades and a period of war and conflict.

Traditions of The Ottomans

After the battle of Ankara Bayezid l five sons' fought over who would be Sultan. This resulted in civil war. The Interregnum would last a little under 11 years. The battle decided which son of Bayezid I would finally reunite the Ottoman Empire with Mehmed Çelebi becoming Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire extended its reach across parts of what is now known as the Arab world from Cairo to Algiers. For a long time, the Ottoman grip in the Middle East was minimal. Algeria joins the Ottoman Empire, 1518 AD and make it clear the strategic importance of Algiers in the Western Mediterranean. Cairo joined the Ottoman Empire, 1517 AD after the Ottoman forces captured the city during the Ottoman Mamluk war. The Ottoman's weren't oblivious with how they spent their spare time. Ottomans like many people throughout Europe and the Middle East had painted Ceramics and weaved Carpets. The Ottomans also had quite an interesting diet with foods ranging from Baklava, Kebab, Manti, Bal Kaymak, and Sucuklu Yumurta. Athletes practiced archery, javelin throw, horse-riding, and wrestling.

The Ottomans were great lovers of horseback riding and organized many equestrian competitions, such as horse races and jousting. These were often held during special events, especially in the imperial court. Osman Ghazi foresaw that he (and his descendants) would create a powerful empire which would cast its shadow over a large portion of the world. Ottomans drank Turkish Coffee; a rich, flavorful brew with a signature frothy layer on top. Sherbet made from fruits like pomegranate, rose, or lemon.

The Sipahi; Turkish Cavalry holder of a fief which would grant income in return for military service. The peasants on the land were subsequently attached to the land and became serfs. Known for their mobility, skill with mounted archery, and effectiveness as shock troops, especially during the early to mid-period of the empire; they were a key component of the Ottoman military success in many battles.

Life as a Barbary Pirate Slave

The Ottoman Empire likely took around 2 million slaves while the Barbary States took 1 million slaves with significant numbers coming from the Mediterranean. Salves tended to be Christians, Spanish, and Portuguese. Salves would have responsibilities such as rowing for prolonged periods of time their diet included simple grains like barley or couscous, along with vegetables like lentils, onions, and occasional small amounts of meat when available. The pirates were hired by the Barbary States, which were a collection of North African states including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. The pirates of North Africa were a force to be reckoned many salves would lack the food or water with the onset of disease or illness. After the fact they would stand in the a slave trade for hours before they were sold. In Galees slaves would be put to work in the oars eating sleeping and defecating all took place sitting down.

Five Facts About The Ottoman Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman Hungarian Wars.

Osman I was the leader of a Turkish tribe in Anatolia who founded the Ottoman Empire he and his son Oran started conquering and captured Bursa in Anatolia. 

The Ottoman Turks were victorious in the Battle of Nicopolis on September 25, 1396

Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that's now known as Istanbul. First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to its prime geographic location between Europe and Asia.

Bayezid managed to expand the territory of the Ottoman empire to the Danube and the Euphrates.

Camurlu

The Civil War between Mehmed Celebi and Musa Celebi, The Battle of Çamurlu was fought on 5 July 1413  shaping what would happen next The battle of Lepanto utilized 400 ships although the Ottomans were inevitably defeated on October 1571. In these 158 years that passed over this period, six Sultan's sons died. Mehmed marched his army from Constantinople  to Kosovo both armies met in Bulgaria at first Abd al-Baqi had the battle in his favor Mehmed l then had it in his. Abd al-Baqi was later strangled. Abd al-Baqi participated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, where the Safavids, however, were defeated and Abd al-Baqi himself was killed.

Belgrade

Ottoman Suliman the Magnificent captured Belgrade from Hungary. The conflict shaped what would happen when The Habsburg Empire captured Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire during the Great Turkish War. The siege lasted a month and was a major strategic victory for the Habsburgs. 

The Ottomans recaptured Belgrade from the Habsburgs after the diversion of the Habsburg army to the Rhine. The siege lasted only six days. Constantinople was an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that is now known as Istanbul. It was founded in 330 AD by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great as the capital of the Roman Empire and was known as "New Rome". Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Sultan Life and Prosperity

Many Sultans had ongoing conflict from when Mehmed ll conquered Constantinople, Suliman the Magnificent conquered Belgrade, and when Osman I conquered Bursa in Anatolia. Many had prospers life, but, death seems to be relevant in the day to day life of The Ottoman Empire. There were 36 sultans, here's how some Sultans met their eventual demise.    

Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566): Died of natural causes at the age of 71.

Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617): Died of fever at the age of 27.

Sultan Mustafa IV (r. 1807–1808): Deposed and later executed by his successor.

Sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922): The last Ottoman sultan, died after the empire collapsed, and lived out his life in exile.

Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1451–1481): Died at the age of 49, after becoming ill while marching with the Ottoman army in Anatolia.

Sultan Osman l (r. 1299–1324): Died at the age of 70, after becoming ill around the time Bursa fell.

Tariq ibn Ziyad 

Historical records do not indicate that Tariq ibn Ziyad ever fell in battle. Tariq ibn Ziyad is most renowned for his leadership, particularly his victory at the Battle of Guadalete against King Roderic of the Visigoths. Tariq ibn Ziyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 CE took wits, guerilla war tactics, and deception. The Muslim forces, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, were skilled in guerrilla-style warfare, which allowed them to outmaneuver the larger and more cumbersome Visigothic armies. 

Abd al-Raḥmān 

Abd al-Rahman was born in Cordoba His parents were Abdullah's son Muhammad and Muzna (or Muzayna), a Christian concubine. Abd al-Rahman was thus nephew in the half-blood of queen  Toda of Pamplona. He is described as having "white skin, blue eyes and attractive face; good looking, although somewhat sturdy and stout. The Battle of Tours was a significant conflict in 732 C.E. Between The Moors from North Africa and the Frankish army. 

Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, aka “El Cid”, was the most famous Spanish military commander during the Reconquista, a Christian mercenary that fought against both Muslims and Christians. He was born in Vivar, a village near the city of Burgos. The earliest reference to El Cid's son is in the Historia Roderica, which under the year 1088 reports that after the siege of Aledo, King Alfonso VI of Castile captured El Cid's wife and children, releasing them a few weeks later.   

King Alfonso Henriques